Compositions and methods for deterring feeding by psyllids

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a plant that includes a transgene encoding a heterologous polypeptide conferring on plant expressing said polypeptide resistance to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect. The transgene is also expressed in a plant component (such as a leaf). Typically, expression of such polypeptides deters feeding by insects such as psyllids (such as an Asian citrus psyllid, the African citrus psyllid, or the American citrus psyllid). Exemplary plants useful in the invention are citrus or solanaceous plants.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/008,934, filed Jun. 6, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the field of plants expressing insect inhibitory proteins. In particular, the present invention relates to proteins exhibiting insect inhibitory activity against agriculturally relevant pests of crop plants such as solanaceous and citrus plants particularly hemipteroid sap-sucking insect pests such as the Asian citrus psyllid, the African citrus psyllid, the American citrus psyllid, and the potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Psyllids are small phloem feeding insects that typically feed on either a single plant, or a few related plants. They can serve as vectors for different microbial species that can act as plant pests. They are also suspected of delivering toxins to plant species as they feed, causing pathogenesis.

The citrus psyllids from Asia, Africa, and America are small insect pests that feed on the leaves and stems of citrus trees. These psyllids transmit a bacterial disease called Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease. All citrus and closely-related species are susceptible hosts for both citrus psyllid insects and HLB disease. This bacterial disease is transmitted to healthy trees by the psyllid after it feeds on infected plant tissue. Once a citrus tree is infected with HLB, there is no cure and the plant will eventually die. The best way presently to prevent the disease from killing citrus trees is to stop these citrus psyllids.

The potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, has been a longstanding pest of solanaceous crops, including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants. It can damage plants through direct feeding, is suspected of delivering a plant toxin, and also transmits the bacterial pathogens Liberibacter psyllaurous and Liberibacter solanacearum. In potatoes, it is thought to cause a systemic disease called psyllid yellows that includes a reduction in growth, yellowing of leaves, erectness of new foliage, leaf abnormalities, shortened and thickened internodes, enlarged nodes, aerial tubers, premature senescence and early plant death. In tomatoes, the foliage symptoms are similar to that of potatoes, and fruit set, size, texture, and yield can be decreased. B. cockerelli and the transmission of L. solanacearum has also been linked to zebra chip disease in potatoes, which causes stunting, chlorosis, swollen internodes of the upper growth, proliferation of axillary buds, aerial tubers, browning of the vascular system, leaf scorching, and premature plant death. Different insecticides have been used against B. cockerelli, however, recently some resistance to common treatments has been detected in psyllid populations in California (Butler and Trumble, Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 5, 87-111, 2012).

No control method is currently available that will eliminate psyllids and the risk of pathogen transmission within a citrus grove or field of solanaceous crops. Methods to suppress psyllid infestation will likely slow the spread of the disease and maintain the economic feasibility of crop production.

It is in view of these issues that the invention described herein was developed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have discovered that several genes from the Hirsutella fungus that colonizes insects and from Allium (the onion family) and other genes described herein are useful, when expressed in transgenic plants, for inhibiting feeding by psyllid insects. Accordingly, the invention provides purified nucleic acid molecules, vectors (such as expression vectors), cells, plants and plant components, products, and methods useful for protecting plants from diseases, for example, citrus greening, and zebra chip disease caused by psyllids.

In one aspect, the invention features a plant including a transgene encoding a heterologous polypeptide, the polypeptide conferring, on a plant expressing the polypeptide, resistance (as is described herein) to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect pest. In preferred embodiments, the insect is a psyllid such as the Asian citrus psyllid. In other preferred embodiments, the plant is resistant to infestation by psyllids. In yet other preferred embodiments, the plant is resistant to feeding by psyllids. The invention accordingly features plants that are non-attractive to sap-sucking insects. In particularly preferred embodiments, the plant is a citrus plant. Exemplary plants accordingly include any member of the rue family including, but not limited to, orange, lemon, lime, and grapefruit plants. Preferably, the transgene is operably linked to regulatory sequences (such as heterologous regulatory sequences) for expression of the polypeptide, and wherein the regulatory sequences include a promoter (e.g., a constitutive promoter or a cell-specific promoter such as a promoter active in phloem cells or phloem tissue of a plant). Exemplary polypeptides are substantially identical to HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), or ACT (short), MpNPR1 or CsNPR1 as are described herein. In other preferred embodiments, polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides are stacked according to conventional techniques (as is described herein). Combinations of one or more polynucleotides in a transgenic plant or plant component are also contemplated. Plants expressing such polynucleotides typically evidence increased yield compared to a control plant.

In another aspect, the invention features a product derived from a transgenic plant expressing any polynucleotide described herein, wherein the product includes a detectable amount of the transgene or a polypeptide expressed from the polynucleotide. Preferably, the product is a citrus product, or a solanaceous plant product.

In yet another aspect, the invention features a progeny plant or seed, wherein the progeny plant or seed includes a transgene expressing one or more of the polynucleotides described herein. In some embodiments, the progeny plant or seed includes an herbicide resistance gene conferring resistance to the herbicide.

In another aspect, the invention features a polynucleotide having substantial identity to HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), or ACT (short), MpNPR1 or CsNPR1 (each is described herein), optionally wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to regulatory sequences for expression of the polypeptide, and wherein the regulatory sequences include a promoter.

In another aspect, the invention features an expression construct that includes a polynucleotide that expresses one or more polypeptides conferring on a plant resistance to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect. Exemplary polynucleotides are those having substantial identity to HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), ACT (short), MpNPR1, or CsNPR1. In other preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide is complementary to at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of a sequence selected from the group of HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), ACT (short), MpNPR1, or CsNPR1. In other preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a heterologous regulatory sequence such as a CaMV 35S promoter, a CaMV 35S tandem promoter, Shpx6b promoter, a SUS1 promoter, or a CsSUS1 promoter. In still other preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide is operably linked to a nos-terminator. In yet other preferred embodiments, the polynucleotide is expressed in phloem tissue of a plant.

In another aspect, the invention features a plant cell, a plant, or plant component including one or more of the polynucleotides or expression constructs described herein. In particular, the invention features plants that are members of the Citrus genus such as Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ‘Hamlin’, or Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ‘Valencia’.

In still another aspect, the invention features propagating any of the transgenic plants (such as citrus and potato) as is described herein by vegetative propagation.

In still another aspect, the invention features a product derived from the plant cell, plant, or plant component which includes one or more of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the product includes a detectable amount of the recombinant polynucleotide. In preferred embodiments, the product is a citrus product or a solanaceous product, which may include, but is not limited to, citrus fruit, citrus fruit juice, and citrus fruit juice concentrate.

In other aspects, the invention features a method of controlling a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect, the method including exposing the insect to the plant cell, plant, or plant component that includes one or more of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the plant cell, plant, or plant component expresses a polypeptide that inhibits feeding, e.g., directly or indirectly, by the insect. In general, the method, for example, involves rendering a plant less attractive to feeding or infestation by psyllids.

In another preferred aspect, the invention features a method of making a plant resistant to citrus greening, the method including the steps of introducing into a plant cell one or more of the polynucleotides described herein; and regenerating from the plant cell a transgenic plant expressing an insect inhibitory amount of a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide; and, optionally, demonstrating Asian citrus psyllid resistance as a property of the transgenic citrus plant or the transgenic citrus plant component. Again the method, in general, involves making a plant less attractive for feeding or infestation by psyllids.

In yet another preferred aspect, the invention features a method of making a plant resistant to zebra chip disease and psyllid yellows, the method including the steps of introducing into a plant cell one or more of the polynucleotides described herein; and regenerating from the plant cell a transgenic plant expressing an insect inhibitory amount of a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide; and, optionally, demonstrating B. cockerelli resistance as a property of the transgenic solanaceous plant or the transgenic solanaceous plant component.

In another aspect, the invention features a method for obtaining citrus juice, the method, in general, involves providing fruit harvested from a plant expressing a polypeptide that confers resistance to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect pest and extracting citrus juice from the plant such as a fruit provided from such plant. In preferred embodiments, juice is extracted from a fruit of a citrus plant such as an orange, lemon, lime, or grapefruit. In other preferred embodiments, the method further involves concentrating the citrus juice. In still other preferred embodiments, the method further involves fortifying the citrus juice (e.g., vitamins and nutrients thiamin and potassium, vitamin D and calcium). Additionally, if desired, the method further involves fortifying the citrus juice concentrate.

In yet other aspects, the invention features a method of obtaining citrus fruit such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit, the method involving harvesting fruit from a plant expressing a polypeptide that confers resistance to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect.

By “nucleic acid molecule” or “polynucleotide” is meant a molecule, e.g., RNA or DNA, having a sequence of two or more covalently bonded, naturally occurring or modified nucleotides. The nucleic acid molecule may be, e.g., single or double stranded, and may include modified or unmodified nucleotides, or mixtures or combinations thereof. Various salts, mixed salts, and free acid forms are also included.

By “nucleic acid fragment” or “polynucleotide fragment” is meant a contiguous segment of a nucleic acid molecule. The length of a nucleic acid segment can range from at least one base pair (e.g., at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, or 450 base pairs) up to the full length of the nucleic acid molecule. When a nucleic acid molecule is herein referred to as having more than one nucleic acid fragment, it is understood that these nucleic acid fragments may occupy non-overlapping portions of the nucleic acid molecule.

By “sequence identity” is meant (in the context of comparing the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid fragment to a reference sequence or comparing the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide to a reference sequence) that the nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid fragment has the same sequence as the reference sequence or has a specified percentage of nucleotides that are the same at the corresponding locations within the reference sequence when the full length sequence of the nucleic acid molecule or nucleic acid fragment is optimally aligned with the full length of the reference sequence. Within this context, the percentage of nucleotides that are the same between two sequences is computed with reference to the length of the longer sequence. Sequence identity can be computed between DNA and DNA, RNA and RNA, or DNA and RNA. When a sequence identity is computed between DNA and RNA, it is well-appreciated in the art that thymidine residues are equivalent to uracil residues for purposes of this calculation. Furthermore, it is well-appreciated in the art that if the percent sequence identity of the reverse complement sequence to the reference sequence is greater than that of the forward sequence, then the percent sequence identity is the former quantity. The Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, for example, may be used to determine sequence identity based on optimal global alignments. Sequence identity can be computed between polypeptides as well according to standard methods. Computer programs for determining nucleic acid sequence identity or polypeptide identity (e.g., protein blast) are publicly available at, for example, the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) website or using BLAST® found at the National Library of Medicine website.

By “substantially identical” is meant (in the context of comparing the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid fragment to a reference sequence or comparing the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide to a reference sequence) that the sequences have a sequence identity, as calculated using methods described above, of at least 85% (e.g., at least 85%, 87%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or even 100%).

By “resistance to a plant pest” is meant a level of resistance to a pest (e.g., a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect such as a psyllid such as the Asian citrus psyllid) in a transgenic plant (or plant component or cell) greater than the level of resistance relative to a control plant (e.g., a non-transgenic plant). In one embodiment, the level of resistance to a pest in a transgenic plant is at least 5 to 10% (and preferably 20%, 30%, or 40%) greater than the resistance of a control plant. In other embodiments, the level of resistance to the pest is 50% greater, 60% greater, and more preferably even 75% or 90% greater than a control plant; with up to 100% resistance as compared to a control plant being most preferred. The level of resistance is measured using conventional methods. For example, the level of resistance to a psyllid is assayed by comparing non-attractiveness of a transgenic leaf to the psyllid versus a control leaf. In another example, the level of resistance to psyllid infestation is assayed. And in still another example, the level of resistance to psyllid feeding is assayed in transgenic plants versus control plants as a measure of determining effectiveness of expression of a heterologous polypeptide to confer resistance to the plant as is described herein.

By “operably linked” is meant that a gene and a regulatory sequence(s) are connected in such a way to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the regulatory sequence(s).

By “polypeptide” or “protein” is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (for example, glycosylation or phosphorylation).

By “plant cell” is meant any self-propagating cell bounded by a semi-permeable membrane and containing a plastid. Such a cell also requires a cell wall if further propagation is desired. Plant cell, as used herein includes, without limitation, any cell obtained from seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, pollen, and microspores.

By “plant component” is meant a part, segment, cutting, liquids, fibers, or an organ obtained from an intact plant. Exemplary plant components include, without limitation, seeds, somatic embryos, bark, leaves, stems, pollen, roots, shoots, flowers, tendrils, fruits, scions, and rootstocks, juices, and juice concentrates as well as any plant part used for vegetative propagation.

By “transgene” is meant any piece of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., DNA) which is inserted by artifice into a cell, and becomes part of the genome of the organism which develops from that cell. Such a transgene may include a gene which is partly or entirely heterologous (i.e., foreign) to the transgenic organism, or may represent a gene having sequence identity to an endogenous gene of the organism.

By “transgenic” is meant any cell which includes an isolated nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a DNA sequence) which is inserted by artifice into a cell and becomes part of the genome of the organism which develops from that cell. As used herein, the transgenic organisms are generally transgenic plants and the DNA (for example, a transgene) is inserted by artifice into the nuclear or plastidic genome. A transgenic plant may contain one or more of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein.

As discussed herein, several polynucleotides have been identified, isolated or engineered, and characterized which are useful in providing resistance against psyllids. Accordingly, the invention provides a number of important advances and advantages for the protection of plants against pests. For example, the invention facilitates an effective and economical means for in-plant protection against plant pests by deterring insect pest feeding. Such protection against pests reduces or minimizes the need for traditional chemical practices (for example, application of bactericides or insecticides or both) that are typically used by farmers for controlling the spread of plant pests and providing protection against disease-causing pests such as the Asian citrus psyllid and the potato/tomato psyllid. In addition, because plants with one or more of the polynucleotides described herein are less vulnerable to pests and their diseases, the invention further provides for increased production efficiency, as well as for improvements in quality and yield of an agricultural crop plant such as citrus crop plants and solanaceous plants. Thus, the invention contributes to the production of high quality and high yield citrus-based agricultural products, for example, fruits, juices, as well as crops having reduced spots, blemishes, and blotches that are caused by pests including reduced greening due to HLB; agricultural products with increased shelf-life and reduced handling costs; and high quality and yield crops for agricultural, industrial, and commercial purposes. Furthermore, because the invention reduces the necessity for chemical protection against plant pests, the invention benefits the environment where the crops are grown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This application describes making transgenic plants or transgenic plant components having psyllid pest resistance; in particular, in, for example, deterring feeding or infestation by psyllids on transgenic citrus plants or plant components such as, but not limited to, ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valenicia’ sweet oranges, tomato, and potato.

Insect Pest Inhibitory Polynucleotides and Polypeptides

Polynucleotides substantially identical to the following sequences are useful for generating transgenic plants having resistance to hemipteroid sap-sucking insects (such as to render a plant or plant component non-attractive to, for example, psyllids). Synthetic polynucleotide sequences may be designed so that they will be expressed in plants. A variety of standard methods for synthesizing plant genes to improve the expression level of the protein encoded by the synthesized gene are known in the art. Such methods, in general, relate to the modification of the structural gene sequences of the exogenous transgene, to cause them to be more efficiently transcribed, processed, translated and expressed by the plant. Features of genes that are expressed well in plants include elimination of sequences that can cause undesired intron splicing or polyadenylation in the coding region of a gene transcript while retaining substantially the amino acid sequence of expressed polypeptide.

1. Hirsutellin a (“HtA”): A Ribotoxin Gene from the Fungus, Hirsutella

a. “Native”

(SEQ ID NO: 1) ATGAAGGCCTTTACTGCCATTCTCGCCAGCGCGGCCTTGTTCGCCACCGG CCTCGCGGCTCCCGCCTCAGAAGCCACCTCGGTGAACAGCCTGGAAGAGC GCGCTCCCATCGTCACCTGCCGGCCCAAGCTCGACGGGCGGGAGAAGCCG TTCAAGGTAGACGTGGCGACGGCGCAGGCACAGGCGCGCAAGGCGGGCCT GACGACGGGCAAGAGCGGCGACCCTCACCGGTACTTCGCCGGCGACCACA TCCGCTGGGGCGTCAACAACTGCGACAAGGCGGACGCGATCCTGTGGGAG TACCCGATCTACTGGGTCGGCAAGAACGCCGAGTGGGCCAAGGACGTCAA GACGTCGCAGCAAAAGGGAGGGCCGACGCCGATCCGCGTCGTCTACGCCA ACAGCAGGGGCGCCGTGCAGTACTGCGGCGTCATGACGCACAGCAAGGTC GACAAGAATAACCAGGGCAAGGAGTTCTTTGAGAAGTGCGATTAG

b. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 2) Met K A F T A I L A S A A L F A T G L A A P A S E A T S V N S L E E R A P I V T C R P K L D G R E K P F K V D V A T A Q A Q A R K A G L T T G K S G D P H R Y F A G D H I R W G V N N C D K A D A I L W E Y P I Y W V G K N A E W A K D V K T S Q Q K G G P T P I R V V Y A N S R G A V Q Y C G V Met T H S K V D K N N Q G K E F F E K C D

c. “Short”

(SEQ ID NO: 3) ATGGCTCCCATCGTCACCTGCCGGCCCAAGCTCGACGGGCGGGAGAAGCC GTTCAAGGTAGACGTGGCGACGGCGCAGGCACAGGCGCGCAAGGCGGGCC TGACGACGGGCAAGAGCGGCGACCCTCACCGGTACTTCGCCGGCGACCAC ATCCGCTGGGGCGTCAACAACTGCGACAAGGCGGACGCGATCCTGTGGGA GTACCCGATCTACTGGGTCGGCAAGAACGCCGAGTGGGCCAAGGACGTCA AGACGTCGCAGCAAAAGGGAGGGCCGACGCCGATCCGCGTCGTCTACGCC AACAGCAGGGGCGCCGTGCAGTACTGCGGCGTCATGACGCACAGCAAGGT CGACAAGAATAACCAGGGCAAGGAGTTCTTTGAGAAGTGCGATTAG

d. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 4) Met A P I V T C R P K L D G R E K P F K V D V A T A Q A Q A R K A G L T T G K S G D P H R Y F A G D H I R W G V N N C D K A D A I L W E Y P I Y W V G K N A E W A K D V K T S Q Q K G G P T P I R V V Y A N S R G A V Q Y C G V Met T H S K V D K N N Q G K E F F E K C D 2. ASAL: A Lectin Gene from Allium ampeloprasum

a. Native:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) ATGAGCGTGGCCACTGTAGCCACCATCCTAACCATTTTGGCATCTACATG CATGGCCAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGCCAAT CCCTAGTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAACCTT GTACTGTATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACAGGCATCAC CGGTAAAAATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGCAACTTTGTCG TCTACGATGTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAACAGCAGAAGAGGG AACGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGAAACGTTGTTATTTA CGGATCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGCACATACCGGAAAAAAGTGGGTGGAA CTGTTGTTATGGCTATGAGTGGTACGGTCGATGGAGGCTCCGCGATTGGA CCGGTAACAGTGAATCAGAATGTCACTGCCGTCCGAAAGGTTGCAGCAGC TGCTGCTGCTTGA

b. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 6) Met S V A T V A T I L T I L A S T C Met A R N V L V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K K V G G T V V Met A Met S G T V D G G S A I G P V T V N Q N V T A V R K V A A A A A A 3. ASALR: A Lectin Gene from Allium roseum

a. Native:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) ATGAGCGTGGCCACTGTAGCCACCATCCTAACCATTTTGGCATCTACATG CATGGCCAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGCCAAT CCCTAGTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAACCTT GTACTGTATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACGGGCATCAC CGGTAAAAATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGCAACTTTGTCG TCTACGATGTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAACAGCAGAAGAGGG AACGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGAAACGTTGTTATTTA CGGATCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGCACATACCGGAAAAAAGTGGGTGGAA CTGTTGTTATGGCTATGAATGGTACGGTCGATGGAGGCTCCGCGATTGGA CCGGTAACAGTGAATCAGAATGTCACTGCCGTCCGAAAGGTTGCAGCAGC TGCTGCTGCTTGA b. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) Met S V A T V A T I L T I L A S T C Met A R N V L V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K K V G G T V V Met A Met N G T V D G G S A I G P V T V N Q N V T A V R K V A A A A A A

c. Short:

(SEQ ID NO: 9) ATGAGGAACCTACTGACGAACGGCGAAGGACTGTATGCAGGGCAAT CCCTAGATGTAGAACAGTACAAGTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAA CCTCGTATTGTACGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACC GGTGTCACTGGCAAAAACGGGTGCAGGGCTGTCATGCAAAAGGACG GCAACTTTGTGGTCTACGATGTTAACGGGCGTCCCGTCTGGGCCAG TAACAGTGTAAGAGGGAATGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGGAG GACAGGAACGTTGTCATTTACGGCTCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGTA CCTACAGAAGATGA

d. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 10) Met L R N L L T N G E G L Y A G Q S L D V E Q Y K  F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G V T G K N G C R A V Met Q K D G N F V V Y D V N G R P V W A S N S V R G N G N Y I L V L Q E D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R R 4. ACA: A Lectin Gene from Allium cepa Var. aggregatum

a. Native:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) ATGAGCGTGGCCACTGTAGCCACCATCCTAACCATTTTGGCATCTACA TGCATGGCCAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGC CAATCCCTAGTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGC AACCTTGTACTGTATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACG GGCATCACCGGTAAAAATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGC AACTTTGTCGTCTACGATGTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAAC AGCAGAAGAGGGAACGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGA AACGTTGTTATTTACGGATCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGCACATACCGG AAAAAAGTGGGTGGAACTGTTGTTATGGCTATGAATGGTACGGTCGAT GGAGGCTCCGCGATTGGACCGGTAACAGTGAATCAGAATGTCACTGCC GTCCGAAAGGTTGCAGCAGCTGCTGCTGCTTGA

b. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) Met S V A T V A T I L T I L A S T C Met A R N V L  V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C  R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K K V G G T V V Met A Met N G T V D G G S A I G P V T V N Q N V T A V R K V A A A A A A

c. Short:

(SEQ ID NO: 13) ATGAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGCCAATC CCTAGTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAACC TTGTACTGTATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACGGGC ATCACCGGTAAAAATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGCAA CTTTGTCGTCTACGATGTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAACA GCAGAAGAGGGAACGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGA AACGTTGTTATTTACGGATCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGTACGTACAG GAAATGA

d. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 14) Met R N V L V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K 5. ACT, a Lectin Gene from Allium tuberosum

a. Native:

(SEQ ID NO: 15) ATGAGCGTGGCCACTGTAGCCACCATCCTAACCATTTTGGCATCTACATG CATGGCCAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGCCAAT CCCTAGTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAACCTT GTACTGTATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACAGGCATCAC CGGTAAAAATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGCAACTTTGTCG TCTACGATGTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAACAGCAGAAGAGGG AACGGGAACTATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGAAACGTTGTTATTTA CGGATCTGATATTTGGTCTACTGGCACATACCGGAAAAAAGTGGGTGGAA CTGTTGTTATGGCTATGAGTGGTACGGTCGATGGAGGCTCCGCGATTGGA CCGGTAACAGTGAATCAGAATGTCACTGCCGTCCGAAAGGTTGCAGCAGC TGCTGCTGCTTGA

b. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 16) Met S V A T V A T I L T I L A S T C Met A R N V L V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N  L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K K V G G T V V Met A Met S G T V D G G S A I G P V T V N Q N V T A V R K V A A A A A A

c. Short:

(SEQ ID NO: 17) ATGAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGAAGGACTGTACGCAGGCCAATCCCTA GTCGAGGAACAGTACACTTTTATAATGCAGGATGACTGCAACCTTGTACTG TATGAATACAGCACCCCCATCTGGGCCTCAAACACAGGCATCACCGGTAAA AATGGGTGCAGGGCCGTGATGCAGCCTGATGGCAACTTTGTCGTCTACGAT GTTAAGGGGCGTGCCGTCTGGGCCAGTAACAGCAGAAGAGGGAACGGGAAC TATATCCTGGTGCTTCAGAAGGACAGAAACGTTGTTATTTACGGATCTGAT ATTTGGTCTACTGGTACGTACAGGAAATGA

d. Polypeptide:

(SEQ ID NO: 18) Met R N V L V N N E G L Y A G Q S L V E E Q Y T F I Met Q D D C N L V L Y E Y S T P I W A S N T G I T G K N G C R A V Met Q P D G N F V V Y D V K G R A V W A S N S R R G N G N Y I L V L Q K D R N V V I Y G S D I W S T G T Y R K

6. MpNPR1: A Regulatory Gene Involved in Basal Plant Resistance in Apple

a. Nucleotide Sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 19) ATGGCTCATTCAGCCGAACCATCATCCTCTCTGAGCTTTACTTCATCACC CCATTTATCAAATGGTTCAATAAGCCACAACTTATCGTGTTCTGGCTCCG AATCGGTGCCAAGTCTTGAAGTCATCAGTTTGTCCAAGCTTAGCTCTAGT TTGGAGCAGTTGTTGATTGATCCTGGCTGTGACTATAGTGATGCTGATAT CGTAGTTGAGGGGATTCCTGTTGGTGTACACCGATGTATATTGGCTTCTA GGAGTGGATTTTTTCGCGAGCTATTCAAGCGAGAAAAGGGGTCTTCTGGA AAGGAAGACAGGCCAAAGTACTGTATGAGTGATTTTCTGCCTTATGGCGA TGTTGGATATGAAGCCTTCTTGGTTTTCTTAAGCTATGTGTATACTGGAA AGCTTAAGCCTTCTCCCGTGGAGGTGTCAACCTGCGTTCACAATGTATGT GCCCATGACGCATGTAGACCTGCTATCAATTTCGTTGTGGAATTGATGTA CGCCGCTTCCATTTTCCAAATGCCCGATCTGGTTTCGATATTCGAGCGGC GCCTTCTTAATTTTGTTGGGAAAGCTCTGTCAGACAATGTTGTCCCAATT CTCTTGGTTGCCTTCCATTGTCAGTTGAATCAGCTCATCGATCAGTGTGT AGATAGAGTGGCACGATCAGATATTGATGACATCTCTCTTGAGAAGGGAC TTCCTGATGAGGTTGTGAAGAAAATCAAAATTCTTCGCCGCAATTATCAG CAGGATTCTGACCCAAACTTGCCACCTGCCGATCCCTTGCATGAAAAGAG AATCCGAAGAATACATAAGGCTTTGGACTCGGATGATGTCGAGCTTGTGA AACTTCTTTTAACGGAGTCTAATATAACCTTAGATGAAGCCAATGCTCTC CATTATGCTGCAGCTTACTGCGATCCTAAGGTTGTGACCGAAGTGCTTGC TCTGGGCCTCGCTGATGTTAACCTCCGGAATTCTAGGGGTTATACAGTGC TTCACATTGCTGTGATGCGCAAAGAGCCATCAATTATTGTATTGCTACTG ACTAAAGGAGCTCGTGCATCGGAGCTGACATCAGATGGTCAGAGTGCTGT TAGTATTTGCAGGAGGTTGACGAGACCAAAGGATTACCATTCAAAAACAG AGCAGGGGCAAGAAGCAAACAAAGACCGAATATGCATCGATGTTCTAGAG AGGGAAATGCGGCGGAATCCAATGGCTGGAGATGCATCTATATCTTCCCA AATAATGCCCGATGATCTGCACATGGAGTTGCTGAACCTGGAGAACAGAG TGGCATTGGCCCGATTGTTTTTCCCTGCGGAAGCCAAGCTAGCCATGGTC ATTGCCCATGCGGAGACATCTGAGTTTGCTGCGCCATCATCATCGAAAGG ATCAAGTGGGAATCTGATGGAGGTAGATTTAAACGAGACCCCCACCGTGC AGAACAAAAGACTTCATTCCAGGTTGGAAGCCCTTATGAAAACAGTCCGT TTGGGTAGATGCTACTTCCCTCATTGCTCAGAAGTCCTGGATAAGTTCAT CGATGACGACCTCCCTCATTTGTTTTACCTCGAGCCTGGCTCCTCCGACG AGCAGAAGGTAAAGAGGAGGCGTTTCATGGAGCTCAAGGAGGAAGTACAA AAAGCATTTGACAAGGACAAGGCCGAGTGTAACCTCTCCGGATTGTCTTC ATCGTCCTCCACGACATCTCCGGAAAAAATTGGTGCAAATCAGAAGGTTA GGGAACCGTGA

b. Polypeptide Sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 20) MetAHSAEPSSSLSFTSSPHLSNGSISHNLSCSGSESVPSLEVISLSKL SSSLEQLLIDPGCDYSDADIVVEGIPVGVHRCILASRSGFFRELFKREK GSSGKEDRPKYCMSDFLPYGDVGYEAFLVFLSYVYTGKLKPSPVEVSTC VHNVCAHDACRPAINFVVELMYAASIFQMPDLVSIFERRLLNFVGKALS DNVVPILLVAFHCQLNQLIDQCVDRVARSDIDDISLEKGLPDEVVKKIK ILRRNYQQDSDPNLPPADPLHEKRIRRIHKALDSDDVELVKLLLTESNI TLDEANALHYAAAYCDPKVVTEVLALGLADVNLRNSRGYTVLHIAVMRK EPSIIVLLLTKGARASELTSDGQSAVSICRRLTRPKDYHSKTEQGQEAN KDRICIDVLEREMRRNPMAGDASISSQIMPDDLHMELLNLENRVALARL FFPAEAKLAMVIAHAETSEFAAPSSSKGSSGNLMEVDLNETPTVQNKRL HSRLEALMKTVRLGRCYFPHCSEVLDKFIDDDLPHLFYLEPGSSDEQKV KRRRFMELKEEVQKAFDKDKAECNLSGLSSSSSTTSPEKIGANQKVREP

7. CsNPR1: A Regulatory Gene Involved in Basal Plant Resistance in Citrus

Useful CsNPR1 sequences are isolated and identified according to standard methods. For example, genomic DNA is extracted from C. sinensis cv. valencia (Four Winds Growers, Winters, Calif.) using an E.Z.N.A. Plant DNA extraction kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, Ga.). Since no CsNPR1 sequence had been previously published from C. sinensis, a genomic region including a 5′ portion of the coding sequence is cloned initially using degenerate primers designed based on CLUSTAL alignments made with known MpNPR1 mRNA sequences from Malus×domestica (GenBank accession EU624123.1). An approximately 1800-bp fragment will be amplified from C. sinensis genomic DNA using primers CsNPR1degF1 (tggctgtgactatagtgatgct) (SEQ ID NO: 21) and CsNPR1degR1 (ccctaaccttctgatttgcacc) (SEQ ID NO: 22) at a 1 μM final concentration and GoTaq Hot Start Mastermix (Promega, Madison, Wis.). Cycling parameters will be 95° C. for 2 minutes, 35 cycles of 95° C. for 30 s, 50° C. for 30 s, 72° C. for 1 minute, and a final elongation of 72° C. for 5 minutes.

5′ rapid amplification of genomic ends (RAGE) is then carried out according to Liu et al. (Plant Mol Biol Rep 19:261-267, 2001) to clone the region upstream of the CsNPR1 coding sequence. Briefly, genomic DNA is extracted from C. sinensis cv. valencia leaves using the OMEGA SP Plant DNA midi kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Omega Bio-Tek) and PCRs are performed using primers initially designed to anneal near the 5′ end of the CsNPR1 coding sequence. Progressively upstream 5′ fragments are obtained using a gene-walking strategy. All PCR products are then cloned into a vector for sequencing such as pGEM-T easy (Promega).

Plant Expression Constructs

The construction of expression cassettes for use in plants such as solanaceous and citrus plants is well established. Expression cassettes are DNA constructs where various promoter, coding, and polyadenylation sequences are operably linked. In general, expression cassettes typically comprise a promoter that is operably linked to a sequence of interest which is operably linked to a polyadenylation or terminator region. In certain instances including, but not limited to, the expression of transgenes in a plant, it may also be useful to include an intron sequence. When an intron sequence is included, it is typically placed in the 5′ untranslated leader region of the transgene. In certain instances, it may also be useful to incorporate specific 5′ untranslated sequences in a transgene to enhance transcript stability or to promote efficient translation of the transcript.

A variety of promoters can be used in the practice of this invention. One broad class of useful promoters is referred to as “constitutive” promoters in that they are active in most plant organs throughout plant development. For example, the promoter can be a viral promoter such as a CaMV35S promoter. The CaMV35S promoters are active in a variety of transformed plant tissues and most plant organs (e.g., callus, leaf, seed and root). Enhanced or duplicate versions of the CaMV35S promoters are particularly useful as well. Other useful promoters are known in the art.

Promoters that are active in certain plant tissues (i.e., tissue specific promoters) can also be used to drive expression of insect inhibitory proteins disclosed herein. Since certain insect pests such as psyllids are sap-sucking insects that typically feed by inserting their proboscises into the vascular tissue of host plants, promoters that direct expression of insect inhibitory proteins or fragments thereof in the vascular tissue of the transgenic plants are particularly useful in the practice of this invention. Exemplary phloem-specific promoters include, without limitation, the peroxidase gene promoter Shpx6b. Other useful phloem-preferred promoters include those isolated from a sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1) gene such as maize, tobacco, citrus, tobacco, or sugarcane. An exemplary promoter region from plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Improved French) is shown below.

(SEQ ID NO: 23) TCCAATGATTGCTCCCATTAGCTAATCAAATTAATAGTACATTATAGTAT GATAAGATTCAGCATATTCTTCAAACTATCCTCTCATCTTTTTTTATTAT AATGTGTGTACATAGTAATTAAAAACATTAATCCAAAACCCAAGTTGGAT TACATTAAACCCGTGAACCCAATGGGCTAGAATTGTAGGGTTTCATAGGG AACAACAACTGCAAAGTCTAAAAAGTAAGAGAAACTCTCGTGAAACGGGG ATAGCATTTTTTGGTCTCCGGGGCAGTAACAACATGATACATAGGATAAC TTTTCCGATACATATGACAACTTCTCCACATGTCATGTTGTTATTGGCCG GGGATAGCAAAACAGTGCTATCCGCGGTATAGGTGAGTTTTTTTCCTAAA AAGCGGCCAAAAGTCCGACTTCTGAATCATCACCCAACCAGCACCTTCGC CGATTAGACCCATGCATGCCCCTCTTTCTCTGCACTTTCCCTGACCGCCA CATATTTATTTTTTATTTCACACCTTAATTCCATGAATTTGGTGCCTTCA ATGGGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACCAGAAAATCCCAATGGATTTTTCTT GTTGCCCAAGCCCGACAAAAAAAGGCAAATGCTTGAATATCAAGGCTTAA AATTAAACAGCACAAAATTGATTAATCCTCTAATTTCTTTCCAAAAATCC TATCATATCCCATTTTCAATTTGTGAATTTACGAAATTACCCCTGTTTTT TTGATGACTTCTTCGGTCTTCGGGTAAGGAAATGAGACTGATAAAATGGA TATAATAGATTTCCGACCACCCTGCTGGATTTTTTTTTTGCCACTGCCCT TATTATCGTACGCTCCAAGTTTTTTTTTTACTTGCCTATTTTGGTTCGCG GTTCCACGCTATAAAGCGAGCTCACACCATCCACCAACCACCTCACTTCT CTTCTTCTCGTTTCCATAGGCTTTCTCTCTCTCTCTGTGTTCTTTGTCTA GGTACACCTCATTTTCTCTTCCCATTTTTATTTTTCCTTGTGTTCTTGTT CTTCTTGTTGGGTTATTTCTTTAGGCTATATGGTCTTTGCTCTTTTTTTC TTTTGGTTCATCTCCCAAATCACATAGATCAATGCCTTCTGAATGTAGGG TTGAGTTTATTTGAGGGTATATACTCTGTTTTTGCTTTTCTGCACCAGTA TTTTGTGCGGATCTCTGTTTTTAATTTTTTTCCGTCTGCTTTTGTTTGTT GAAAGTGAAAAAGCTGTTTATCTTTTTGACTGGTTGGTCTGTTTCACTTC AACAAGCAACCAGTAGAAGAAGTGTTTTTCTTTATCTTGATGGTCTTTTT CAGCTTCTCTTTTGGAGAAAAGATTGATTCTTGTCAACATTCGCCAAATG CACCATTTTTATTTTTCTTCTTCTTTGATAAAAAGCGTTTTCTCTGCTTT TGCTAAGCACCCTTAATTATTAATATTATAAGCCTGGATTTTTATGATGG GCTTGAAGCTTTTTATCTGTCCGCCACTCTGCAAATCCTTTATGGGTGCA TCTAATTATTACATAATTAAAACCTGGATCTTTTTTTCATTATTCTTAAC CACTATCTAAGGTTGCATCTTTGTTCAACCGCACTGCTCTAATTAACGTT TGTATGAGGTGGTTGGTGGATGGTGTGTTTGGTTTTGAAAAACTAAAGAA ATTAGTCTTCTAGAATAATAAATAATATTAATAATAATAATATTATTATT ATTGTAAAGTCTTCCTGTTAATGTTGGAATTATTGACTTGGTGGTGATTA TCCATCTCTTTTTATTGCGAAGCTTCTGGATACCTTGTTATACTCACGGC TTGCTTTGTACTTGCAGTTTTTGAAGGTTCTCTGATTTACCAATCTGCTA TCAATG

ATG (in bold) shows the start codon of the SUS1 gene. Underlined sequences correspond to primers used for downstream study to perform deletions constructs (at sequences of 1379, 978 and 672 nucleotides). Sequences in bold italics in SEQ ID NO:23 correspond to elements conferring xylem specificity in Phaseolus vulgaris described by website Plant Care (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/).

Still another useful phloem-specific promoter is the sucrose synthase-I promoter from Citrus sinensis (CsSUS1p) (Singer et al., Planta 234:623-637 (2011).)

Transcriptional enhancer elements can also be used in conjunction with any promoter that is active in a plant cell or with any basal promoter element that requires an enhancer for activity in a plant cell. Transcriptional enhancer elements can activate transcription in various plant cells and are usually 100-200 base pairs long. The enhancer elements can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by isolation from regulatory elements that include such elements, and can comprise additional flanking nucleotides that contain useful restriction enzyme sites to facilitate subsequence manipulation. Enhancer elements can be typically placed within the region 5′ to the mRNA cap site associated with a promoter, but can also be located in regions that are 3′ to the cap site (i.e., within a 5′ untranslated region, an intron, or 3′ to a polyadenylation site) to provide for increased levels of expression of operably linked genes. Such enhancers are well known in the art.

Additionally 5′ untranslated leader sequences can be operably linked to a coding sequence of interest in a plant expression cassette. Thus the plant expression cassette can contain one or more 5′ non-translated leader sequences which serve to increase expression of operably linked nucleic acid coding sequences encoding any of the polypeptides described herein.

Sequences encoding peptides that provide for the localization of any of the polypeptides described herein in subcellular organelles can be operably linked to the sequences that encode the particular polypeptide. Thus polypeptides that are operably linked to a signal peptide are expected to enter the secretion pathway and can be retained by organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or targeted to the vacuole by operably linking the appropriate retention or targeting peptides to the C-terminus of the polypeptide. Examples of vacuolar targeting peptides as well as peptides for targeting to plant plastids are well known in the art.

As noted above, the polynucleotide sequence of interest can also be operably linked to a 3′ non-translated region containing a polyadenylation signal. This polyadenylation signal provides for the addition of a polyadenylate sequence to the 3′ end of the RNA. The Agrobacterium tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid nopaline synthase (NOS) gene 3′ and the pea ssRUBISCO E9 gene 3′ untranslated regions contain polyadenylate signals and represent non-limiting examples of such 3′ untranslated regions that can be used in the practice of this invention. It is understood that this group of exemplary polyadenylation regions is non-limiting and that one skilled in the art could employ other polyadenylation regions that are not explicitly cited here.

Any of the aforementioned plant expression elements can be used with a polynucleotide designed to express one or more of the polypeptides encoded by any of the polynucleotides described herein (such as a polypeptide having substantial identity to HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), or ACT (short), MpNPR1 or CsNPR1) in a plant or a plant component. Plant expression cassettes including one or more of the polynucleotides described herein which encode one or more of their respective polypeptides, or insect inhibitory proteins encoding portions thereof that will provide for expression of one or more polypeptides in a plant are provided herein. A preferred plant expressible polynucleotide sequence can be evaluated for optimal expression in protoplast cells derived from the plant species of interest or a related plant species, or according to any of the methods described herein. After selection of those designed polynucleotide sequences which give the best expression, the selected sequences are then transformed into stable plants for continued selection.

The DNA constructs that include the plant expression cassettes described above are typically maintained in various vectors. Vectors contain sequences that provide for the replication of the vector and covalently linked sequences in a host cell. For example, bacterial vectors will contain origins of replication that permit replication of the vector in one or more bacterial hosts. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation vectors typically comprise sequences that permit replication in both E. coli and Agrobacterium as well as one or more “border” sequences positioned so as to permit integration of the expression cassette into the plant chromosome. Selectable markers encoding genes that confer resistance to antibiotics are also typically included in the vectors to provide for their maintenance in bacterial hosts.

Transgenic Plants and Methods for Obtaining Insect Inhibitory Transgenic Plants

Methods of obtaining a transgenic plant (or a transgenic plant components) capable of inhibiting insect pests are also provided by this invention. First, expression vectors suitable for expression of any of the polypeptides disclosed herein plants are introduced into a plant, a plant cell or a plant tissue using transformation techniques according to standard methods well known in the art. Next a transgenic plant containing the plant expression vector is obtained by regenerating that transgenic plant from the plant, plant cell or plant tissue that received the expression vector. The final step is to obtain a transgenic plant that expresses an insect inhibitory amount of the polypeptide. Transgenic plants expressing insect inhibitory amounts of one or more polypeptides (such as substantial identity to HtA (native), HtA (short), ASAL (native), ASALR (native), ASALR (short), ACA (native), ACA (short), ACT (native), or ACT (short), MpNPR1 or CsNPR1 or any combination thereof) contemplated herein include, but not limited to, solanaceous plants such as tomato and potato and citrus plants such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit.

Plant expression vectors can be introduced into the chromosomes of a host plant via methods such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle-mediated transformation, DNA transfection, or DNA electroporation, or by so-called whiskers-mediated transformation. Exemplary methods of introducing transgenes are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, methods for production of transgenic Citrus via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of juvenile or adult tissue are described in Orbović and Grosser, “Chapter 17: Citrus” in Agrobacterium Protocols, Second Edition, Volume 2, Kan Wang, editor, Humana Press, Totowa, N.J. (2006).

Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that any of these gene transfer techniques can be used to introduce the expression vector into the chromosome of a plant cell, a plant tissue, a plant, or a plant component.

After the plant expression vector is introduced into a plant cell or plant tissue, the transformed cells or tissues are typically regenerated into whole plants by culturing these cells or tissues under conditions that promote the formation of a whole plant (i.e., the process of regenerating leaves, stems, roots, and, in certain plants, reproductive tissues). The development or regeneration of transgenic plants from either single plant protoplasts or various explants is well known in the art. This regeneration and growth process typically includes the steps of selection of transformed cells and culturing selected cells under conditions that will yield rooted plantlets. The resulting transgenic rooted shoots are thereafter planted in an appropriate plant growth medium such as soil. Transgenic plants having incorporated into their genome transgenic DNA segments encoding one or more of the polypeptides described herein are within the scope of the invention. It is further recognized that transgenic plants containing the DNA constructs described herein, and materials derived therefrom, may be identified through use of PCR or other methods that can specifically detect the sequences in the DNA constructs.

Once a transgenic plant is regenerated or recovered, a variety of methods can be used to identify or obtain a transgenic plant that expresses an inhibitory amount of one or more of the polypeptides described herein. One general set of methods is to perform assays that measure the amount of the polypeptide that is produced. Alternatively, the amount of mRNA produced by the transgenic plant can be determined to identify plants that express insect inhibitory amounts of the polypeptide.

Transgenic plants that express insect inhibitory amounts of the polypeptide can also be identified by directly assaying such plants for insect inhibition, for example, as described herein.

Sap-Sucking Insect Pest Control

Transgenic plants including polynucleotides encoding one or more of the polypeptides described herein or insect-inhibitory fragments thereof can be used in methods of controlling insect infestations.

Exemplary transgenic plants include, without limitation, citrus plants such as, but not limited to, ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L.), and solanaceous plants such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Transgenic citrus plants such as a transgenic orange plant (such as ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange) and the potato or tomato that are attacked by sap-sucking insect pests inhibited by one or more of the polypeptides described herein are useful in agriculture.

Preferred transgenic plants (or transgenic plant components) include polynucleotides encoding one or more polypeptides described herein or insect-inhibitory fragments thereof that are protected from sap-sucking insect feeding or infestation. Such transgenic plants are particularly effective for controlling species of hemipteroid sap-sucking insects such as psyllids that pierce and/or suck the fluids from the cells and tissues of plants.

Transgenic plants expressing insect inhibitory amounts of the insect inhibitory polypeptides or insect-inhibitory fragments thereof are first identified by any one of the methods described herein. Initial insect inhibition can be conducted in controlled environmental conditions (i.e., in enclosed growth chambers or greenhouses) evaluating insect (e.g., psyllid) feeding. Transgenic plants can also be subjected to insect infestation in field tests and compared against non-transgenic control plants. If desired, the non-transgenic control plants will include both plants treated with insecticides and untreated plants. Transgenic plant lines (i.e., transgenic plants derived from distinct transformation events including transgene insertions into different genomic locations) that display the insect inhibitory activity (such as rendering a plant less attractive to pysillid infestation or feeding) are selected for potential development for use in a variety of different genetic backgrounds (i.e., genetically distinct cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrid germplasms). Methods of introgressing transgenes into distinct germplasms and producing seed lots that primarily include transgenic seed are known to those skilled in the art. For example, the transgene can be fixed in a homozygous state in a desired genetic background. Once the transgene is fixed in that background, the homozygous transgenic plant can be used to produce transgenic seed of non-hybrid crops. Alternatively, the homozygous transgenic plant can be used as a pollen donor or recipient to produce transgenic seed of hybrid crops.

Specific types of transgenic plants expressing insect inhibitory polypeptides that inhibit specific insect pests are contemplated by this invention. Transgenic citrus plants such as, but not limited to, ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ orange plants expressing insect inhibitory polypeptides that inhibit the Asian citrus psyllid are specifically contemplated.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are representative of the invention. The specific details disclosed herein are not to be construed as limiting.

Example 1—Plant Expression Constructs

Schematic representations of the transforming constructs described herein are shown in Tables 1 and 2. All vectors were produced using standard protocols and include pBINplus (van Engelen et al., Transgenic Res 4:288-290, 1995) with an inserted PZP-RSC1 multiple cloning site (Hajdukiewicz et al., Plant Mol Biol. 25:989-994, 1994) as a background, and were verified by sequencing prior to transformation. All constructs contained either a partially duplicated 35S promoter (referred herein to as 35S; Kay et al., Science 236:1299-1302, 1987), the peroxidase gene promoter Shpx6b of the legume Stylosanthes humilis (Curtis et al., MPMI 10: 326-338, 1997), the sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1) promoter from plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Improved French) cloned as described herein, and the sucrose synthase-I promoter from Citrus sinensis (CsSUS1) (Singer et al., Planta 234: 623-637, 2011) fused to the nopaline synthase transcriptional terminator (nos-t). All promoter nos-t fusion cassettes were then inserted into the multiple cloning site in a pBINplus vector and cloned into the DH-5a strain of Escherichia coli, using the pGEMTeasy kit (Promega, Madison, USA) as per manufacturer's instructions.

Subsequently, cDNA's native and mature (short) versions of constructs were obtained by PCR amplification of cDNA preparations from tissues of Hirsutella thompsonii, Malus×domestica, Allium cepa assagi (ACA), Al. roseum (ASALros) and Al. ampeloprasum (ASAL). Primers for amplification of the native and mature HtA cDNA sequences were obtained from Boucias et al., J. of invert. Pathol. 72:258-261, 1998, but modified to contain BamHI and SacI restriction sites for ease of cloning, at the 5′ and 3′ end, respectively. Primers for amplification of the MpNPR1 cDNA were obtained mRNA sequences from Malus×domestica (GenBank accession EU624123.1), but modified to contain BamHI and SacI restriction sites for ease of cloning, at the 5′ and 3′ end, respectively. Primers for native and mature (short) Allium genes were also modified to contain BamHI and SacI restriction sites for ease of cloning, and were designed from known sequences (GenBank accession no. U58947 for ASAL and accession no. L12172 for ACA). These primers are as follows:

ASAL native: F primer (SEQ ID NO: 24) 5′-GGCGGATCCATGGGTCCTACTACTTCATCTCCT-3′, ASAL native:R primer (SEQ ID NO: 25) 5′-GGCGAGCTCTCAAGCAGCACCGGTGCCAACCTT-3′, ACA native: F primer (SEQ ID NO: 26) 5′-GGCGGATCCATGAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAA-3′, ACA native: R primer (SEQ ID NO: 27) 5′-GGCGAGCTCTCATTTCCTGTACGTACCAGTAGA-3′, ASAL mature: F primer (SEQ ID NO: 28) 5′-GGCGGATCCATGAGGAACCTACTGACGAAC-3′, ASAL mature: R primer (SEQ ID NO: 29) 5′-GGCGAGCTCTCATCTTCTGTAGGTACCAGTAGA-3′, ACA mature: F primer (SEQ ID NO: 30) 5′-GGCGGATCCATGAGCGTGGCCACTGTAG-3′, and ACA mature: R primer (SEQ ID NO: 31) 5′-GGCGAGCTCTCAAGCAGCAGCAGCTGC-3′,

All PCR amplifications were performed using Platinum PCR SuperMix High Fidelity according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) with the following thermal profile: 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds and 68° C. for 2 minutes.

In addition to the individual genes, two gene fusion cassette were also made. The first was a fusion between the mature sequences of HtA, ACA (from Al. cepa assagi) and ASAL (Al. ampeloprasum) designated as HtA::ACAas::ASALam. The second contained the mature sequence of the ACA and the ASAL gene from Al. roseum and designated as ACAros::ASALros. The HtA::ACAas::ASALam fusion cassette was made by PCR with the following primers:

HTA forward (SEQ ID NO: 32) 5′-GGATCCGAATTCGGCTTCATATGGCTCC-3′, HTA reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 33) 5′-CCCCGGGATCGCACTTCTCAAAGAACTCCT-3′, ACAassagi forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 34) 5′-CCCGGGAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACGA-3′, ACAassagi reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 35) 5′-GGTACCTTTCCGGTATGTGCCAGTAGAC-3′, ASALampeloprasum forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 36) 5′-GGTACCAGGAACCTACTGACCAACGGC-3′, and ASALampeloprasum reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 37) 5′-GAGCTCTCACCTTCTGTAGGTACCAGTAGACC-3′. Similarly, the ACAros::ASALros fusion cassette was made by PCR using the following primers: ACAros forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 38) 5′-CCCGGGATGAGAAACGTATTGGTGAACAACG-3′, ACAros Reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 39) 5′-GGTACCTTTCCGGTATGTGCCAGTAGAC-3′, ASALros forward primer (SEQ ID NO: 40) 5′-GGTACCAGGAACCTACTGACCAACGGC-3′, and ASALros reverse primer (SEQ ID NO: 41) 5′-GAGCTCTCACCTTCTGTAGGTACCAGTAGACC-3′.

For the creation of both fusion cassettes, the Platinum PCR SuperMix High Fidelity PCR Mix kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions with the following thermal profile: 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds and 68° C. for 2 minutes.

Following the preparation of cDNAs, the promoter nos-t fusion pBINplus vectors described above were purified from the DH-5a strain of Escherichia coli, and various combinations of the single genes cDNAs (e.g. HtA native, ACA short, MpNPR1, etc.) and the mature gene fusion cassettes (i.e HtA::ACAas::ASALam and ACAros::ASALros) were inserted between and promoter and nopaline synthase terminator (nos-t) using restriction enzyme digestion and ligation according to standard practice. Following ligation, the vectors were transformed back into the DH-5a strain of Escherichia coli, using the pGEMTeasy kit (Promega, Madison, USA) as per manufacturer's instructions to await transformation into agrobacterium strain EHA105 for plant transformation.

TABLE 1 Constructs Construct Host source of Name Promoter Cassette contents expressed genes JM202 CaMV35S 35S::35S::nos-t JM220 CaMV35S 35S::35S::HtA native::nos-t Hirsutella JM204 CaMV35S 35S::35S::HtA short::nos-t Hirsutella JM275 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ACA native::nos-t Allium cepa var. aggregatum JM276 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ACA native::nos-t Allium tuberosum JM277 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ACA short::nos-t Allium cepa var. aggregatum JM278 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ACA short::nos-t Allium tuberosum JM273 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ASAL native::nos-t Allium roseum JM272 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ASAL native::nos-t Allium ampeloprasum JM274 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ASAL short::nos-t Allium roseum JM282 CaMV35S 35S::35S::HtA short::ACA Hirsutella, Allium cepa short::ASAL short::nos-t var. aggregatum, Allium tuberosum JM283 CaMV35S 35S::35S::ACA short::ASAL Allium tuberosum, short::nos-t Allium roseum JM210 CaMV35S 35S::35S::GUS::nos-t JM206 Shpx6b Shpx6b::nos-t JM221 Shpx6b Shpx6b::HtA short::nos-t Hirsutella JM264 Shpx6b Shpx6b::HtA short::ACA Hirsutella, Allium cepa short::ASAL short::nos-t var. aggregatum, Allium tuberosum JM285 Shpx6b Shpx6b::ACA short::ASAL Allium tuberosum, short::nos-t Allium roseum

TABLE 2 Additional Constructs Construct Host source of Name Promoter Cassette contents expressed genes EK101 Sus1 Sus1::HtA short::ACA Prunus domestica, short::ASAL short::nos-t Hirsutella, Allium cepa var. aggregatum, Allium tuberosum EK102 Sus1 Sus1::MpNPR1::nos-t Prunus domestica, Malus × domestica EK103 Sus1 Sus1::CsNPR1::nos-t Prunus domestica, Citrus sinensis EK104 CsSUS1 CsSUS1::HtA short::ACA Citrus sinensis, short::ASAL short::nos-t Hirsutella, Allium cepa var. aggregatum, Allium tuberosum EK105 CsSUS1 CsSUS1::MpNPR1::nos-t Citrus sinensis, Malus × domestica EK106 CsSUS1 CsSUS1::CsNPR1::nos-t Citrus sinensis

Example 2

Transgenic tomato plants were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation according to standard methods using the plant expression constructs described in Example 1.

Transgenic plants were bioassayed for attractiveness to the tomato psyllid, B. cockerelli, by placing them in small chambers containing transgenic and control non-transformed leaves. Those plants on whose leaves the psyllids did not remain were identified as less attractive to psyllids, and therefore less likely to be probed by the psyllids' feeding proboscises. A typical assay involves preparing a chamber containing control and transgenic tomato leaves and introducing approximately 5 psyllids into the chamber. Eighteen to twenty-four hours after setting up the assay, psyllid location is monitored by counting the number of psyllids on a transgenic leaf compared with the number on control leaves. Transgenic plant lines are taken as useful when 0 or 1 psyllid is found on transgenic leaves, with a higher number of psyllids found on control leaves.

In some, but not all, experiments, transgenic leaves were less attractive to psyllids than control leaves. Table 3 below shows select results of transgenic lines identified as less attractive to psyllids.

TABLE 3 # # non- % non- Trans- attrac- attrac- Con- Pro- genic tive tive struct moter Gene Source lines lines lines 204 35S Hta short Hirsutella 12 4 33 221 Shpx6b Hta short Hirsutella 8 4 50 Total Hta short Hirsutella 20 8 40 272 35S ASALA Allium 27 3 11 long ampeloprasum 274 35S ASALR Allium roseum 20 3 15 short 277 35S ACA Affium cepa 86 14 16 short aggregatum 278 35S ACT short Allium 49 7 14 tuberosum 282 35S Hta-ACA- Hirsutella, 34 5 15 ASALR Allium cepa aggregatum, and Affium roseum 283 35S ACA- Allium cepa 35 9 26 ASALR aggregatum and Affium roseum NPR1 35S MpNPR1 Apple 22 5 23

The gene Hta from Hirsutella fungus was most effective in tomato in deterring psyllid feeding. The stacked construct with two Allium agglutinin (ACA-ASALR) genes was effective in deterring psyllid feeding as well.

Example 3—Prevention of Citrus Greening

Citrus greening (Huanglongbing, HLB) is caused by a phloem-limited walled bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. HLB is vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri). Bioassays of tomato plants that have been transformed with several genes from the Hirsutella fungus that colonizes insects and from Allium (the onion family) species evidenced that incorporation of these genes in transgenic lines inhibited feeding by psyllid insects. Constructs rendering tomato plants “non-attractive” to the tomato psyllid are then tested in orange plants to determine whether such constructs render orange plants non-attractive to the Asian citrus psyllid, and therefore would be likely to interfere with transmission of the bacterium causing HLB.

Transgenic ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) plants are obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation according to standard methods using the plant expression constructs described in Example 1. Constructs JM204, JM277, and JM282 are especially useful in the invention.

In particular, transgenic Hamlin plants have been generated using JM277 (ACA short) and JM282 (Hta-ACA-ASALR) constructs.

Transgenic Hamlin plants are identified and bioassayed for non-attractiveness to the Asian citrus psyllid by placing psyllids in small chambers containing transgenic and control non-transformed leaves (e.g., juvenile leaves) as is described in Example 2. Those plants on whose leaves psyllids do not remain are identified as less attractive to psyllids as is described in Example 2, and therefore less likely to be probed by the psyllids' feeding proboscises. Such non-attractive transgenic citrus plants are taken as being useful in the invention.

Example 4—Prevention of Psyllid Yellows and Zebra Chip Disease in Potatoes

Zebra chip disease in potatoes is thought to be caused by Liberibacter solanacearum, vectored by B. cockereffi, the potato/tomato psyllid. Psyllid yellows is a potato disease that is thought to be caused by a toxin produced by the nymph stage of the potato/tomato psyllid. Bioassays of tomato plants that have been transformed with several genes from the Hirsutella fungus that colonizes insects and from Allium (the onion family) species evidenced that incorporation of these genes inhibited feeding by psyllid insects. It is hypothesized that the “non-attractiveness” of these transformed tomato plants to B. cockerelli suggest that transforming the same genes in potato plants will reduce the feeding of the psyllid and therefore interfere with transmission of Liberibacter solanacearum, the cause of zebra chip disease, and the toxin that induces psyllid yellows.

Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants are obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation according to standard methods using the plant expression constructs described in Example 1. Constructs JM204, JM277, and JM282 are predicted to be especially useful in the invention.

Transgenic potato plants are identified and bioassayed for non-attractiveness to B. cockereffi by placing the insects in small chambers containing transgenic and control non-transformed leaves as described in Example 2. Those plants on whose leaves the psyllids do not remain are identified as less attractive to psyllids as is described in Example 2, and therefore less likely to be probed by the psyllids' feeding proboscises and to be the recipients of bacteria and toxins. Such non-attractive transgenic plants are taken as being useful in the invention.

As various modifications could be made in the constructions and methods herein described and illustrated without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims appended hereto and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A citrus plant comprising a transgene encoding a heterologous polypeptide conferring on said plant expressing said polypeptide resistance to a hemipteroid sap-sucking insect, wherein said transgene comprises a first regulatory gene involved in basal plant resistance.
 2. The plant of claim 1, wherein said transgene is expressed in a plant component.
 3. The plant of claim 2, wherein said plant component is a leaf.
 4. The plant of claim 1, wherein said insect is a psyllid.
 5. The plant of claim 4, wherein said psyllid is the Asian citrus psyllid, the African citrus psyllid, or the American citrus psyllid.
 6. The plant of claim 4, wherein said plant is resistant to infestation by psyllids.
 7. The plant of claim 4, wherein said plant is resistant to feeding by psyllids.
 8. (canceled)
 9. The plant of claim 1, wherein said transgene is operably linked to regulatory sequences for expression of said polypeptide, and wherein said regulatory sequences comprise a promoter.
 10. The plant of claim 9, wherein said promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 11. The plant of claim 9, wherein said promoter is cell-type specific.
 12. The plant of claim 1, wherein said plant further comprises one or more of a ribotoxin gene, a lectin gene, and a second regulatory gene involved in basal plant resistance.
 13. The plant of claim 12, wherein said ribotoxin gene is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO: ID or SEQ ID NO:
 3. 14. The plant of claim 12, wherein said lectin gene is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO:
 5. 15. The plant of claim 11, wherein said regulatory gene is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO: 19 or CsNPR1.
 16. The plant of claim 1, wherein said polypeptide is substantially identical to SEQ ID NO: 20 or CsNPR1.
 17. (canceled)
 18. The plant of claim 1, wherein said plant evidences increased yield.
 19. A product derived from the plant of claim 1, wherein said product comprises a detectable amount of said transgene or said polypeptide or an herbicide resistance gene or both.
 20. (canceled)
 21. A progeny plant or seed of the plant of claim 1, wherein the progeny plant or seed comprises said transgene.
 22. A plant of claim 1, further comprising an herbicide resistance gene conferring resistance to an herbicide. 23-34. (canceled)
 35. A plant component or a seed of the plant of claim 1, wherein said plant component or seed comprises said transgene.
 36. A progeny of the plant of claim 1, wherein said progeny comprises said transgene. 37-40. (canceled)
 41. A method of making a plant resistant to citrus greening, comprising introducing into a plant cell a transgene comprising a first regulatory gene involved in basal plant resistance; regenerating from said plant cell a transgenic plant expressing an insect inhibitory amount of a polypeptide encoded by said transgene; and demonstrating Asian citrus psyllid resistance as a property of said transgenic plant, thereby making the plant resistant to citrus greening.
 42. A method for obtaining citrus juice comprising providing fruit harvested from the plant of claim 1, and extracting said juice from said harvested fruit.
 43. The method of claim 42, further comprising concentrating said citrus juice.
 44. The method of claim 42, further comprising fortifying said citrus juice with any one or all of a vitamin, a nutrient, thiamin, potassium, vitamin D and calcium.
 45. The method of claim 44, further comprising fortifying said citrus juice concentrate.
 46. A method of obtaining citrus fruit, said method comprising harvesting fruit from the plant of claim
 1. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein said plant is Citrus sinensis, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ‘Hamlin’, or Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck ‘Valencia’. 48-56. (canceled)
 57. The plant of claim 15, wherein said regulatory gene has at least 85% identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 19. 58. The plant of claim 16, wherein said polypeptide has at least 85% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 20. 